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浅谈聚氨酯弹性体的优缺点及其应用和发展现状
2019-11-12
With the development of society and the advancement of technology, the application of new materials has become more and more extensive. Since the beginning of the 1980s, polyurethane elastomers have changed from military to military and civilian, and after civilian-oriented, the variety of products has continuously increased. The scale of production is increasing, and the role played by various sectors of the national economy and people ’s clothing, food, housing and transportation is becoming increasingly important. Now from the perspective of practical application, talk about the advantages and disadvantages of polyurethane elastomers and their application and development status and prospects.
First, the main advantages of polyurethane elastomer
1. The adjustable range of performance is large. Many physical and mechanical performance indexes can be changed within a certain range through the selection of raw materials and the adjustment of formulas, so as to meet different requirements of users on product performance. For example, hardness is often an important indicator for users. Polyurethane elastomer can be made into a soft printing rubber roller with a Shore A hardness of about 20, or a hard steel rubber roller with a Shore D hardness of 70 or more. This is difficult to achieve with general elastomer materials. Polyurethane elastomer is a polar polymer material composed of many flexible segments and rigid segments. As the proportion of rigid segments increases and the density of polar groups increases, the original strength and hardness of the elastomer will increase accordingly.
2.优异的耐磨性。特别是在有水、油等润湿介质存在的工作条件下，其耐磨性往往是普通橡胶材料的几倍到几十倍。尽管钢铁等金属材料非常坚硬，但它们不一定耐磨。例如，黄河灌区的大型水泵有大量泥沙从溢流部件的金属环和保护环上冲出。，而覆盖有聚氨酯弹性体的环和保护环继续运行1800小前进，仍然没有磨损。其他如碾米机用胶辊、选煤用振动筛板、赛道轨道、起重机叉车用动态油封、电梯车轮和轮滑车轮等也是聚氨酯弹性体。这里要提到的是，要增加中低硬度聚氨酯弹性元件的摩擦系数，提高载荷下的耐磨性，可以在这类聚氨酯弹性体润滑剂中加入少量的二硫化铝、石墨或硅油。
3. Various processing methods and wide applicability. Polyurethane elastomer can be formed by plasticizing, mixing and vulcanization process (referred to as MPU) like general rubber; it can also be made into liquid rubber, cast molded or sprayed, potted, centrifugal (referred to as CPU); it can also be made Granulated materials, like ordinary plastics, are formed by injection, extrusion, calendering, blow molding and other processes (referred to as CPU). Molded or injection molded parts can also be cut, repaired, drilled, etc. within a certain hardness range. The versatility of processing makes the polyurethane elastomers widely applicable, and the application fields continue to expand.
4. Oil resistance, ozone resistance, aging resistance, radiation resistance, low temperature resistance, good sound permeability, strong adhesion, excellent biocompatibility and blood compatibility. These advantages are the reasons why polyurethane elastomers are widely used in military, aerospace, acoustics, biology and other fields.
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